Working with text data
To run your code, click run. It will let you know if your code is correct or not, and will offer hints on what to fix if needed. If you are stuck, you can see the solution by clicking Solution.
Exercise 1: Subsetting data
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
Exercise 2: Changing case
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Exercise 3: Searching for phrases
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Calculating quantities with text
Note: Due to missing packages in DataCamp light, namely quanteda and tidytext, I have provided sample code that you can run on your own computer in RStudio. Make sure to run install.packages("quanteda") and install.packages("tidytext") to install those packages if you don’t have them.
Each of the three exercises below can be run as standalone scripts, as they contain all needed imports within their code blocks
Code for this section can be downloaded as an Rmd file here. The output of this code can be viewed in this Rmarkdown notebook.
Exercise 6: Readability with Quanteda
How does the readability of JPMorgan’s annual report compare to the Citigroup annual report from class?
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Exercise 7: Readability with Quanteda
How does the sentiment of JPMorgan’s annual report compare to the Citigroup annual report from class?
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Exercise 8: Make a word cloud after removing stopwords
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