Data in R
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Exercise 1: Vectors
{"language":"r","pre_exercise_code":"df <- read.csv(text=\"gvkey,datadate,fyear,tic,conm,at,dptc,lt,ni\n3243,20101231,2010,C,CITIGROUP INC,1913902,844968,1748113,10602\n3243,20111231,2011,C,CITIGROUP INC,1873878,865936,1694305,11067\n3243,20121231,2012,C,CITIGROUP INC,1864660,930560,1673663,7541\n3243,20131231,2013,C,CITIGROUP INC,1880382,968273,1674249,13673\n3243,20141231,2014,C,CITIGROUP INC,1842530,899332,1630485,7313\n3243,20151231,2015,C,CITIGROUP INC,1731210,907887,1508118,17242\n3243,20161231,2016,C,CITIGROUP INC,1792077,929406,1565934,14912\n3243,20171231,2017,C,CITIGROUP INC,1842465,959822,1640793,-6798\n114628,20101231,2010,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,911332,38569,833104,8354\n114628,20111231,2011,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,923225,46109,851396,4442\n114628,20121231,2012,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,938555,70124,862331,7475\n114628,20131231,2013,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,911507,70807,832714,8040\n114628,20141231,2014,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,856240,83008,773039,8477\n114628,20151231,2015,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,861395,97519,774208,6083\n114628,20161231,2016,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,860165,124098,772766,7398\n114628,20171231,2017,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,916776,138604,833980,4286\n2968,20101231,2010,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2117605,930369,1941499,17370\n2968,20111231,2011,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2265792,1127806,2082219,18976\n2968,20121231,2012,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2359141,1193593,2155072,21284\n2968,20131231,2013,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2415689,1287765,2204511,17923\n2968,20141231,2014,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2573126,1363427,2341061,21762\n2968,20151231,2015,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2351698,1279715,2104125,24442\n2968,20161231,2016,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2490972,1375179,2236782,24733\n2968,20171231,2017,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2533600,1443982,2277907,24441\n\", stringsAsFactors=FALSE)\nlibrary(dplyr)\nlibrary(magrittr)\nearnings_JPM <- df %>% filter(tic==\"JPM\") %>% select(ni) %>% .$ni\nearnings_GS <- df %>% filter(tic==\"GS\") %>% select(ni) %>% .$ni\nearnings_C <- df %>% filter(tic==\"C\") %>% select(ni) %>% .$ni","sample":"# Each vector below contains earnings information from 2010 through 2017\nyears <- c(2010:2017)\nearnings_C  # Citigroup earnings, in millions of USD\nearnings_GS  # Goldman Sachs earnings, in millions of USD\n\n# Create a new vector, `Citi_minus_Goldman`, that contains the difference between Citibank's and Goldman Sach's earnings\nCiti_minus_Goldman <- \n\n# Name the vector `Citi_minus_Goldman` with the `years` vector\n\n\n# Create a new vector, `Citi_lower`, that contains TRUE for years where Citi\n# Had lower earnings, and FALSE for other years. Use a conditional statement to determine this.\nCiti_lower <- \n  \nCiti_lower  # Prints the vector -- no need to change this line\n\n# In how many years did Citi have lower earnings?  Use `sum()` to determine this.\nCiti_lower_count <- \n\nCiti_lower_count  # Prints the number -- no need to change this line\n\n#END","solution":"# Each vector below contains earnings information from 2010 through 2017\nyears <- c(2010:2017)\nearnings_C  # Citigroup earnings, in millions of USD\nearnings_GS  # Goldman Sachs earnings, in millions of USD\n\n# Create a new vector, `Citi_minus_Goldman`, that contains the difference between Citibank's and Goldman Sach's earnings\nCiti_minus_Goldman <- earnings_C - earnings_GS\n\n# Name the vector `Citi_minus_Goldman` with the `years` vector\nnames(Citi_minus_Goldman) <- years\n\n# Create a new vector, `Citi_lower`, that contains TRUE for years where Citi\n# Had lower earnings, and FALSE for other years. Use a conditional statement to determine this.\nCiti_lower <- Citi_minus_Goldman < 0\n\nCiti_lower  # Prints the vector -- no need to change this line\n\n# In how many years did Citi have lower earnings?  Use `sum()` to determine this.\nCiti_lower_count <- sum(Citi_lower)\n\nCiti_lower  # Prints the vector -- no need to change this line\n\n#END","sct":"# Template based on https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/testwhat/versions/4.1.1\n# Check if something is explicitly typed\n# test_student_typed('roa', not_typed_msg='')\n\n# Check if function was used in input code\n# test_function('c',incorrect_msg='')\ntest_function('names',incorrect_msg='You need to use the `names()` function to name the elements of `Citi_minus_Goldman`')\ntest_function('sum',incorrect_msg='You need to use the `sum()` function to determine the number of years that Citi had lower earnings than Goldman Sachs.`')\n\n# Requires an object `x` to have the same value as the solution\ntest_object(\"Citi_minus_Goldman\",incorrect_msg = \"`Citi_minus_Goldman` should contain earnings for Citi *minus* earnings for Goldman Sachs for each year.  It should also be named with the `years` vector.\",undefined_msg = \"Did you define `Citi_minus_Goldman`?\")\ntest_object(\"Citi_lower\",incorrect_msg = \"`Citi_lower` does not appear to be correct.\",undefined_msg = \"Did you define `Citi_lower`?\")\ntest_object(\"Citi_lower_count\",incorrect_msg = \"`Citi_lower_count` does not appear to be correct.\",undefined_msg = \"Did you define `Citi_lower_count`?\")\n\n# Requires an onject with the same value of `x` in the solution\n# test_an_object(\"x\",undefined_msg=\"\")\n\n# Check if a vector of predefined objects are unchanged\n# test_predefined_objects(c('x','y'),incorrect_msg=\"Don't onverwrite the predefined variables\")\n\n# Checks for a regex pattern in trhe output\n# test_output_regex(pattern,fixed=F, times=1, incorrect_msg='')\n\n# Can check an arbitrary expression across both solution and student code\n#test_expression_output(\"typeof(company_name)\", incorrect_msg=\"Did you store textual data in `company_name`?\")\n\ntest_error()\nsuccess_msg(\"Awesome!\")\n\n# Other functions to note:\n#     - test_or(a,b) -- checks if either test a or test b pass\n#     - test_ggplot() -- can check if plots are correct\n#     - test_function() -- can also check included parameters\n#     - test_loop() -- checking for and while loops\n#     - test_library_function('package', not_called_msg='',incorrect_msg='')\n#     - test_if_else() -- checking if statements\n#     - test_expression_error() -- can check if functions are properly defined\n#     - test_operator('operator',), not_called_msg='',incorrect_msg='')\n#     - test_function_definition() -- rigorously check defined function\n#     - test_data_frame() -- check if dataframe [columns] are equivalent\n#     - test_function_result, test_expression_result"}
Exercise 2: Lists
eyJsYW5ndWFnZSI6InIiLCJwcmVfZXhlcmNpc2VfY29kZSI6ImRmIDwtIHJlYWQuY3N2KHRleHQ9XCJndmtleSxkYXRhZGF0ZSxmeWVhcix0aWMsY29ubSxhdCxkcHRjLGx0LG5pXG4zMjQzLDIwMTAxMjMxLDIwMTAsQyxDSVRJR1JPVVAgSU5DLDE5MTM5MDIsODQ0OTY4LDE3NDgxMTMsMTA2MDJcbjMyNDMsMjAxMTEyMzEsMjAxMSxDLENJVElHUk9VUCBJTkMsMTg3Mzg3OCw4NjU5MzYsMTY5NDMwNSwxMTA2N1xuMzI0MywyMDEyMTIzMSwyMDEyLEMsQ0lUSUdST1VQIElOQywxODY0NjYwLDkzMDU2MCwxNjczNjYzLDc1NDFcbjMyNDMsMjAxMzEyMzEsMjAxMyxDLENJVElHUk9VUCBJTkMsMTg4MDM4Miw5NjgyNzMsMTY3NDI0OSwxMzY3M1xuMzI0MywyMDE0MTIzMSwyMDE0LEMsQ0lUSUdST1VQIElOQywxODQyNTMwLDg5OTMzMiwxNjMwNDg1LDczMTNcbjMyNDMsMjAxNTEyMzEsMjAxNSxDLENJVElHUk9VUCBJTkMsMTczMTIxMCw5MDc4ODcsMTUwODExOCwxNzI0MlxuMzI0MywyMDE2MTIzMSwyMDE2LEMsQ0lUSUdST1VQIElOQywxNzkyMDc3LDkyOTQwNiwxNTY1OTM0LDE0OTEyXG4zMjQzLDIwMTcxMjMxLDIwMTcsQyxDSVRJR1JPVVAgSU5DLDE4NDI0NjUsOTU5ODIyLDE2NDA3OTMsLTY3OThcbjExNDYyOCwyMDEwMTIzMSwyMDEwLEdTLEdPTERNQU4gU0FDSFMgR1JPVVAgSU5DLDkxMTMzMiwzODU2OSw4MzMxMDQsODM1NFxuMTE0NjI4LDIwMTExMjMxLDIwMTEsR1MsR09MRE1BTiBTQUNIUyBHUk9VUCBJTkMsOTIzMjI1LDQ2MTA5LDg1MTM5Niw0NDQyXG4xMTQ2MjgsMjAxMjEyMzEsMjAxMixHUyxHT0xETUFOIFNBQ0hTIEdST1VQIElOQyw5Mzg1NTUsNzAxMjQsODYyMzMxLDc0NzVcbjExNDYyOCwyMDEzMTIzMSwyMDEzLEdTLEdPTERNQU4gU0FDSFMgR1JPVVAgSU5DLDkxMTUwNyw3MDgwNyw4MzI3MTQsODA0MFxuMTE0NjI4LDIwMTQxMjMxLDIwMTQsR1MsR09MRE1BTiBTQUNIUyBHUk9VUCBJTkMsODU2MjQwLDgzMDA4LDc3MzAzOSw4NDc3XG4xMTQ2MjgsMjAxNTEyMzEsMjAxNSxHUyxHT0xETUFOIFNBQ0hTIEdST1VQIElOQyw4NjEzOTUsOTc1MTksNzc0MjA4LDYwODNcbjExNDYyOCwyMDE2MTIzMSwyMDE2LEdTLEdPTERNQU4gU0FDSFMgR1JPVVAgSU5DLDg2MDE2NSwxMjQwOTgsNzcyNzY2LDczOThcbjExNDYyOCwyMDE3MTIzMSwyMDE3LEdTLEdPTERNQU4gU0FDSFMgR1JPVVAgSU5DLDkxNjc3NiwxMzg2MDQsODMzOTgwLDQyODZcbjI5NjgsMjAxMDEyMzEsMjAxMCxKUE0sSlBNT1JHQU4gQ0hBU0UgJiBDTywyMTE3NjA1LDkzMDM2OSwxOTQxNDk5LDE3MzcwXG4yOTY4LDIwMTExMjMxLDIwMTEsSlBNLEpQTU9SR0FOIENIQVNFICYgQ08sMjI2NTc5MiwxMTI3ODA2LDIwODIyMTksMTg5NzZcbjI5NjgsMjAxMjEyMzEsMjAxMixKUE0sSlBNT1JHQU4gQ0hBU0UgJiBDTywyMzU5MTQxLDExOTM1OTMsMjE1NTA3MiwyMTI4NFxuMjk2OCwyMDEzMTIzMSwyMDEzLEpQTSxKUE1PUkdBTiBDSEFTRSAmIENPLDI0MTU2ODksMTI4Nzc2NSwyMjA0NTExLDE3OTIzXG4yOTY4LDIwMTQxMjMxLDIwMTQsSlBNLEpQTU9SR0FOIENIQVNFICYgQ08sMjU3MzEyNiwxMzYzNDI3LDIzNDEwNjEsMjE3NjJcbjI5NjgsMjAxNTEyMzEsMjAxNSxKUE0sSlBNT1JHQU4gQ0hBU0UgJiBDTywyMzUxNjk4LDEyNzk3MTUsMjEwNDEyNSwyNDQ0MlxuMjk2OCwyMDE2MTIzMSwyMDE2LEpQTSxKUE1PUkdBTiBDSEFTRSAmIENPLDI0OTA5NzIsMTM3NTE3OSwyMjM2NzgyLDI0NzMzXG4yOTY4LDIwMTcxMjMxLDIwMTcsSlBNLEpQTU9SR0FOIENIQVNFICYgQ08sMjUzMzYwMCwxNDQzOTgyLDIyNzc5MDcsMjQ0NDFcblwiLCBzdHJpbmdzQXNGYWN0b3JzPUZBTFNFKVxubGlicmFyeShkcGx5cilcbmxpYnJhcnkobWFncml0dHIpXG5kZiA8LSBkZiAlPiVcbiAgbXV0YXRlKHJvYSA9IG5pL2F0LFxuICAgICAgICAgcm9hX2xhZyA9IGxhZyhyb2EpKVxubW9kZWwgPC0gc3VtbWFyeShsbShyb2EgfiByb2FfbGFnLCBkYXRhPWRmKSkiLCJzYW1wbGUiOiIjIEJlbG93IGlzIGEgbGluZWFyIG1vZGVsIG9mIEpQTW9yZ2FuJ3MsIENpdGkncywgYW5kIEdvbGRtYW4ncyBST0EgcmVncmVzc2VkIG9uIHByaW9yIHllYXIgUk9BXG5tb2RlbFxuc3RyKG1vZGVsKVxuXG4jIFJ1biB0aGUgYWJvdmUgYW5kIGV4YW1pbmUgdGhlIG91dHB1dC5cbiMgRXh0cmFjdCB0aGUgciBzcXVhcmVkIChub3QgYWRqdXN0ZWQpIGZyb20gdGhlIG1vZGVsXG5cbiNFTkQiLCJzb2x1dGlvbiI6IiMgQmVsb3cgaXMgYSBsaW5lYXIgbW9kZWwgb2YgSlBNb3JnYW4ncywgQ2l0aSdzLCBhbmQgR29sZG1hbidzIFJPQSByZWdyZXNzZWQgb24gcHJpb3IgeWVhciBST0Fcbm1vZGVsXG5zdHIobW9kZWwpXG5cbiMgUnVuIHRoZSBhYm92ZSBhbmQgZXhhbWluZSB0aGUgb3V0cHV0LlxuIyBFeHRyYWN0IHRoZSByIHNxdWFyZWQgKG5vdCBhZGp1c3RlZCkgZnJvbSB0aGUgbW9kZWxcbm1vZGVsJHIuc3F1YXJlZFxuI0VORCIsInNjdCI6IiMgVGVtcGxhdGUgYmFzZWQgb24gaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucmRvY3VtZW50YXRpb24ub3JnL3BhY2thZ2VzL3Rlc3R3aGF0L3ZlcnNpb25zLzQuMS4xXG4jIENoZWNrIGlmIHNvbWV0aGluZyBpcyBleHBsaWNpdGx5IHR5cGVkXG4jIHRlc3Rfc3R1ZGVudF90eXBlZCgneCA8LSAyJywgbm90X3R5cGVkX21zZz0nJylcblxuIyBDaGVjayBpZiBmdW5jdGlvbiB3YXMgdXNlZCBpbiBpbnB1dCBjb2RlXG4jIHRlc3RfZnVuY3Rpb24oJ2MnLGluY29ycmVjdF9tc2c9JycpICBcblxuIyBSZXF1aXJlcyBhbiBvYmplY3QgYHhgIHRvIGhhdmUgdGhlIHNhbWUgdmFsdWUgYXMgdGhlIHNvbHV0aW9uXG4jIHRlc3Rfb2JqZWN0KFwieFwiLGluY29ycmVjdF9tc2cgPSBcIlwiLHVuZGVmaW5lZF9tc2cgPSBcIlwiKSAgXG5cbiMgUmVxdWlyZXMgYW4gb25qZWN0IHdpdGggdGhlIHNhbWUgdmFsdWUgb2YgYHhgIGluIHRoZSBzb2x1dGlvblxuIyB0ZXN0X2FuX29iamVjdChcInhcIix1bmRlZmluZWRfbXNnPVwiXCIpXG5cbiMgQ2hlY2tzIGlmIG91dHB1dCBvZiBzdHVkZW50J3MgY29kZSBjb250YWlucyBnaXZlbiBldmFsdWF0ZWQgZXhwcmVzc2lvblxudGVzdF9vdXRwdXRfY29udGFpbnMoXCJtb2RlbCRyLnNxdWFyZWRcIixpbmNvcnJlY3RfbXNnID0gXCJZb3UgaGF2ZSBub3QgZXh0cmFjdGVkIGFuZCBwcmludGVkIHRoZSByaWdodCBudW1iZXIhXCIpXG5cbiMgQ2hlY2sgaWYgYSB2ZWN0b3Igb2YgcHJlZGVmaW5lZCBvYmplY3RzIGFyZSB1bmNoYW5nZWRcbiMgdGVzdF9wcmVkZWZpbmVkX29iamVjdHMoYygneCcsJ3knKSxpbmNvcnJlY3RfbXNnPVwiRG9uJ3Qgb252ZXJ3cml0ZSB0aGUgcHJlZGVmaW5lZCB2YXJpYWJsZXNcIilcblxuIyBDaGVja3MgZm9yIGEgcmVnZXggcGF0dGVybiBpbiB0cmhlIG91dHB1dFxuIyB0ZXN0X291dHB1dF9yZWdleChwYXR0ZXJuLGZpeGVkPUYsIHRpbWVzPTEsIGluY29ycmVjdF9tc2c9JycpXG5cbiMgQ2FuIGNoZWNrIGFuIGFyYml0cmFyeSBleHByZXNzaW9uIGFjcm9zcyBib3RoIHNvbHV0aW9uIGFuZCBzdHVkZW50IGNvZGVcbiMgdGVzdF9leHByZXNzaW9uX291dHB1dChcInR5cGVvZihjb21wYW55X25hbWUpXCIsIGluY29ycmVjdF9tc2c9XCJEaWQgeW91IHN0b3JlIHRleHR1YWwgZGF0YSBpbiBgY29tcGFueV9uYW1lYD9cIilcblxudGVzdF9lcnJvcigpXG5zdWNjZXNzX21zZyhcIkF3ZXNvbWUhXCIpXG5cbiMgT3RoZXIgZnVuY3Rpb25zIHRvIG5vdGU6XG4jICAgICAtIHRlc3Rfb3IoYSxiKSAtLSBjaGVja3MgaWYgZWl0aGVyIHRlc3QgYSBvciB0ZXN0IGIgcGFzc1xuIyAgICAgLSB0ZXN0X2dncGxvdCgpIC0tIGNhbiBjaGVjayBpZiBwbG90cyBhcmUgY29ycmVjdFxuIyAgICAgLSB0ZXN0X2Z1bmN0aW9uKCkgLS0gY2FuIGFsc28gY2hlY2sgaW5jbHVkZWQgcGFyYW1ldGVyc1xuIyAgICAgLSB0ZXN0X2xvb3AoKSAtLSBjaGVja2luZyBmb3IgYW5kIHdoaWxlIGxvb3BzXG4jICAgICAtIHRlc3RfbGlicmFyeV9mdW5jdGlvbigncGFja2FnZScsIG5vdF9jYWxsZWRfbXNnPScnLGluY29ycmVjdF9tc2c9JycpXG4jICAgICAtIHRlc3RfaWZfZWxzZSgpIC0tIGNoZWNraW5nIGlmIHN0YXRlbWVudHNcbiMgICAgIC0gdGVzdF9leHByZXNzaW9uX2Vycm9yKCkgLS0gY2FuIGNoZWNrIGlmIGZ1bmN0aW9ucyBhcmUgcHJvcGVybHkgZGVmaW5lZFxuIyAgICAgLSB0ZXN0X29wZXJhdG9yKCdvcGVyYXRvcicsKSwgbm90X2NhbGxlZF9tc2c9JycsaW5jb3JyZWN0X21zZz0nJylcbiMgICAgIC0gdGVzdF9mdW5jdGlvbl9kZWZpbml0aW9uKCkgLS0gcmlnb3JvdXNseSBjaGVjayBkZWZpbmVkIGZ1bmN0aW9uXG4jICAgICAtIHRlc3RfZGF0YV9mcmFtZSgpIC0tIGNoZWNrIGlmIGRhdGFmcmFtZSBbY29sdW1uc10gYXJlIGVxdWl2YWxlbnRcbiMgICAgIC0gdGVzdF9mdW5jdGlvbl9yZXN1bHQsIHRlc3RfZXhwcmVzc2lvbl9yZXN1bHQifQ==
Exercise 3: Data frames
{"language":"r","pre_exercise_code":"df <- read.csv(text=\"gvkey,datadate,fyear,tic,conm,at,dptc,lt,ni\n3243,20101231,2010,C,CITIGROUP INC,1913902,844968,1748113,10602\n3243,20111231,2011,C,CITIGROUP INC,1873878,865936,1694305,11067\n3243,20121231,2012,C,CITIGROUP INC,1864660,930560,1673663,7541\n3243,20131231,2013,C,CITIGROUP INC,1880382,968273,1674249,13673\n3243,20141231,2014,C,CITIGROUP INC,1842530,899332,1630485,7313\n3243,20151231,2015,C,CITIGROUP INC,1731210,907887,1508118,17242\n3243,20161231,2016,C,CITIGROUP INC,1792077,929406,1565934,14912\n3243,20171231,2017,C,CITIGROUP INC,1842465,959822,1640793,-6798\n114628,20101231,2010,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,911332,38569,833104,8354\n114628,20111231,2011,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,923225,46109,851396,4442\n114628,20121231,2012,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,938555,70124,862331,7475\n114628,20131231,2013,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,911507,70807,832714,8040\n114628,20141231,2014,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,856240,83008,773039,8477\n114628,20151231,2015,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,861395,97519,774208,6083\n114628,20161231,2016,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,860165,124098,772766,7398\n114628,20171231,2017,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,916776,138604,833980,4286\n2968,20101231,2010,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2117605,930369,1941499,17370\n2968,20111231,2011,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2265792,1127806,2082219,18976\n2968,20121231,2012,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2359141,1193593,2155072,21284\n2968,20131231,2013,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2415689,1287765,2204511,17923\n2968,20141231,2014,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2573126,1363427,2341061,21762\n2968,20151231,2015,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2351698,1279715,2104125,24442\n2968,20161231,2016,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2490972,1375179,2236782,24733\n2968,20171231,2017,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2533600,1443982,2277907,24441\n\", stringsAsFactors=FALSE)\nlibrary(dplyr)\nlibrary(magrittr)","sample":"# df contains 9 variables across 8 years and 3 banks\n# dplyr (from tidyverse) is already loaded for you\nhead(df)\n\n# Extract all rows about Citigroup, and store this in `df_C`.  Use dplyr's `filter()`.\ndf_C <- df %>%\n  filter()\n\n# Calculate the ratio of debt to assets for each firm-year.\n# lt is the amount of liabilities the bank had\n# at is the amount of assets the bank had\n# Store this in a new column of the dataframe called \"debt_ratio\"\n# Use dplyr's `mutate()` to calculate this\ndf <- df %>%\n  mutate()\n\n# What is the median of debt to assets across these firm years?  Use the median funtion to calculate this\nmedian()\n\n# Now, sort the dataframe to be increasing in debt_ratio.  Use dplyr's `arrange()` to accomplish this.\ndf_sorted <- df %>%\n  arrange()\n\n\n# Finished code for you:\n# Which bank-year had the lowest debt ratio?\nprint(paste(df_sorted$fyear[1], df_sorted$conm[1],':',df_sorted$debt_ratio[1]))  # This line is finished already\n\n# The highest debt ratio?\nr <- nrow(df_sorted)\nprint(paste(df_sorted$fyear[r], df_sorted$conm[r],':',df_sorted$debt_ratio[r]))  # This line is finished already\n\n#END","solution":"# df contains 9 variables across 8 years and 3 banks\n# dplyr (from tidyverse) is already loaded for you\nhead(df)\n\n# Extract all rows about Citigroup, and store this in `df_C`.  Use dplyr's `filter()`.\ndf_C <- df %>%\n  filter(tic == \"C\")\n\n# Calculate the ratio of debt to assets for each firm-year.\n# lt is the amount of liabilities the bank had\n# at is the amount of assets the bank had\n# Store this in a new column of the dataframe called \"debt_ratio\"\n# Use dplyr's `mutate()` to calculate this\ndf <- df %>%\n  mutate(debt_ratio = lt/at)\n\n# What is the median of debt to assets across these firm years?  Use the median funtion to calculate this\nmedian(df$debt_ratio)\n\n# Now, sort the dataframe to be increasing in debt_ratio.  Use dplyr's `arrange()` to accomplish this.\ndf_sorted <- df %>%\n  arrange(debt_ratio)\n\n\n# Finished code for you:\n# Which bank-year had the lowest debt ratio?\nprint(paste(df_sorted$fyear[1], df_sorted$conm[1],':',df_sorted$debt_ratio[1]))  # This line is finished already\n\n# The highest debt ratio?\nr <- nrow(df_sorted)\nprint(paste(df_sorted$fyear[r], df_sorted$conm[r],':',df_sorted$debt_ratio[r]))  # This line is finished already\n\n#END","sct":"# Template based on https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/testwhat/versions/4.1.1\n# Check if something is explicitly typed\n# test_student_typed('x <- 2', not_typed_msg='')\ntest_expression_output(\"df_C\",incorrect_msg = \"Remember to filter for Citibank's rows and store them in `df_C`.\")\ntest_expression_output(\"sum(df$debt_ratio)\",incorrect_msg = \"Remember to calculate `debt_ratio` and add it to the dataframe.\")\ntest_function('median',incorrect_msg='Did you use `median()` to calculate the average ratio?')\ntest_expression_output(\"median(df$debt_ratio)\",incorrect_msg = \"Did you output the median of `ratio`?\")\ntest_expression_output(\"df_sorted$debt_ratio[1]\",incorrect_msg = \"Make sure to sort by `debt_ratio`.\")\ntest_error()\nsuccess_msg(\"Awesome!\")\n\n# Check if function was used in input code\n\n\n# Requires an object `x` to have the same value as the solution\n\n\n# Requires an onject with the same value of `x` in the solution\n# test_an_object(\"x\",undefined_msg=\"\")\n\n# Checks if output of student's code contains given evaluated expression\n\n# Check if a vector of predefined objects are unchanged\n# test_predefined_objects(c('x','y'),incorrect_msg=\"Don't onverwrite the predefined variables\")\n\n# Checks for a regex pattern in trhe output\n# test_output_regex(pattern,fixed=F, times=1, incorrect_msg='')\n\n# Can check an arbitrary expression across both solution and student code\n# test_expression_output(\"typeof(company_name)\", incorrect_msg=\"Did you store textual data in `company_name`?\")\n\n\n\n# Other functions to note:\n#     - test_or(a,b) -- checks if either test a or test b pass\n#     - test_ggplot() -- can check if plots are correct\n#     - test_function() -- can also check included parameters\n#     - test_loop() -- checking for and while loops\n#     - test_library_function('package', not_called_msg='',incorrect_msg='')\n#     - test_if_else() -- checking if statements\n#     - test_expression_error() -- can check if functions are properly defined\n#     - test_operator('operator',), not_called_msg='',incorrect_msg='')\n#     - test_function_definition() -- rigorously check defined function\n#     - test_data_frame() -- check if dataframe [columns] are equivalent\n#     - test_function_result, test_expression_result"}
Exercise 4: External library usage
Click the expand button to see the plot more clearly (note: may be blocked by pop-up blockers)
Note: If a plot displays, you have the right code. The plot overrides the confirmation message.
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
Exercise 5: Making your own function
{"language":"r","pre_exercise_code":"df <- read.csv(text=\"gvkey,datadate,fyear,tic,conm,at,dptc,lt,ni\n3243,20101231,2010,C,CITIGROUP INC,1913902,844968,1748113,10602\n3243,20111231,2011,C,CITIGROUP INC,1873878,865936,1694305,11067\n3243,20121231,2012,C,CITIGROUP INC,1864660,930560,1673663,7541\n3243,20131231,2013,C,CITIGROUP INC,1880382,968273,1674249,13673\n3243,20141231,2014,C,CITIGROUP INC,1842530,899332,1630485,7313\n3243,20151231,2015,C,CITIGROUP INC,1731210,907887,1508118,17242\n3243,20161231,2016,C,CITIGROUP INC,1792077,929406,1565934,14912\n3243,20171231,2017,C,CITIGROUP INC,1842465,959822,1640793,-6798\n114628,20101231,2010,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,911332,38569,833104,8354\n114628,20111231,2011,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,923225,46109,851396,4442\n114628,20121231,2012,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,938555,70124,862331,7475\n114628,20131231,2013,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,911507,70807,832714,8040\n114628,20141231,2014,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,856240,83008,773039,8477\n114628,20151231,2015,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,861395,97519,774208,6083\n114628,20161231,2016,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,860165,124098,772766,7398\n114628,20171231,2017,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,916776,138604,833980,4286\n2968,20101231,2010,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2117605,930369,1941499,17370\n2968,20111231,2011,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2265792,1127806,2082219,18976\n2968,20121231,2012,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2359141,1193593,2155072,21284\n2968,20131231,2013,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2415689,1287765,2204511,17923\n2968,20141231,2014,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2573126,1363427,2341061,21762\n2968,20151231,2015,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2351698,1279715,2104125,24442\n2968,20161231,2016,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2490972,1375179,2236782,24733\n2968,20171231,2017,JPM,JPMORGAN CHASE & CO,2533600,1443982,2277907,24441\n\", stringsAsFactors=FALSE)\ndf2 <- read.csv(text=\"gvkey,datadate,fyear,tic,conm,at,dptc,lt,ni\n3243,20101231,2010,C,CITIGROUP INC,1913902,844968,1748113,10602\n3243,20111231,2011,C,CITIGROUP INC,1873878,865936,1694305,11067\n3243,20121231,2012,C,CITIGROUP INC,1864660,930560,1673663,7541\n3243,20131231,2013,C,CITIGROUP INC,1880382,968273,1674249,13673\n3243,20141231,2014,C,CITIGROUP INC,1842530,899332,1630485,7313\n3243,20151231,2015,C,CITIGROUP INC,1731210,907887,1508118,17242\n3243,20161231,2016,C,CITIGROUP INC,1792077,929406,1565934,14912\n3243,20171231,2017,C,CITIGROUP INC,1842465,959822,1640793,-6798\n114628,20101231,2010,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,911332,38569,833104,8354\n114628,20111231,2011,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,923225,46109,851396,4442\n114628,20121231,2012,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,938555,70124,862331,7475\n114628,20131231,2013,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,911507,70807,832714,8040\n114628,20141231,2014,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,856240,83008,773039,8477\n114628,20151231,2015,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,861395,97519,774208,6083\n114628,20161231,2016,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,860165,124098,772766,7398\n114628,20171231,2017,GS,GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC,916776,138604,833980,4286\", stringsAsFactors=FALSE)\nlibrary(dplyr)\nlibrary(magrittr)","sample":"# Design a function (using function()) that finds the largest bank from the dataframe that we have been using.  Here, largest means most assets in any year.\n# The function should take `df` as its argument, and should output the bank name.  The name should be of the bank that had the highest total assets of any (bank, year) pairs.\n# `dplyr` and `magrittr` are already loaded, for convenience.  You can solve this with or without these packages.\n\nbiggest_bank <- \n\n# Now, let's test the function you created\nbiggest_bank(df)\n\n#END","solution":"# Design a function (using function()) that finds the largest bank from the dataframe that we have been using.  Here, largest means most assets in any year.\n# The function should take `df` as its argument, and should output the bank name.  The name should be of the bank that had the highest total assets of any (bank, year) pairs.  Name is stored in that data as `conm`.\n# `dplyr` and `magrittr` are already loaded, for convenience.  You can solve this with or without these packages.\n\nhead(df)\n\n# This is a simple way to do this using `dplyr` and `magrittr`.\n# There are many other solutions\nbiggest_bank <- function(df) {\n  df %>%\n    arrange(-at) %>%\n    slice(1) %>%\n    .$conm\n}\n\n# Another possible solution would be:\n# biggest_bank <- function(df) {\n#   m <- max(df$at)\n#   df$conm[which(df$at == m)]\n# }\n\n# Now, let's test the function you created\nbiggest_bank(df)\n\n#END","sct":"test_expression_output(\"biggest_bank(df)\", incorrect_msg=\"It appears that your function doesn't output the right bank.\")\ntest_expression_output(\"biggest_bank(df2)\", incorrect_msg=\"It appears that your function doesn't output the correct answer on other data.\")\n\n# Template based on https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/testwhat/versions/4.1.1\n# Check if something is explicitly typed\n# test_student_typed('x <- 2', not_typed_msg='')\n\n# Check if function was used in input code\n# test_function('c',incorrect_msg='')  \n\n# Requires an object `x` to have the same value as the solution\n# test_object(\"x\",incorrect_msg = \"\",undefined_msg = \"\")  \n\n# Requires an onject with the same value of `x` in the solution\n# test_an_object(\"x\",undefined_msg=\"\")\n\n# Checks if output of student's code contains given evaluated expression\n# test_output_contains(\"x\",incorrect_msg = \"\")\n\n# Check if a vector of predefined objects are unchanged\n# test_predefined_objects(c('x','y'),incorrect_msg=\"Don't onverwrite the predefined variables\")\n\n# Checks for a regex pattern in trhe output\n# test_output_regex(pattern,fixed=F, times=1, incorrect_msg='')\n\n# Can check an arbitrary expression across both solution and student code\n# test_expression_output(\"typeof(company_name)\", incorrect_msg=\"Did you store textual data in `company_name`?\")\n\ntest_error()\nsuccess_msg(\"Awesome!\")\n\n# Other functions to note:\n#     - test_or(a,b) -- checks if either test a or test b pass\n#     - test_ggplot() -- can check if plots are correct\n#     - test_function() -- can also check included parameters\n#     - test_loop() -- checking for and while loops\n#     - test_library_function('package', not_called_msg='',incorrect_msg='')\n#     - test_if_else() -- checking if statements\n#     - test_expression_error() -- can check if functions are properly defined\n#     - test_operator('operator',), not_called_msg='',incorrect_msg='')\n#     - test_function_definition() -- rigorously check defined function\n#     - test_data_frame() -- check if dataframe [columns] are equivalent\n#     - test_function_result, test_expression_result"}