Learning objectives

Data types

• Numeric: Any number
  • Positive or negative
  • With or without decimals
• Boolean: TRUE or FALSE
  • Capitalization matters!
  • Shorthand is T and F
• Character: “text in quotes”
  • More difficult to work with
  • You can use either single or double quotes
• Factor: Converts text into numeric data
  • Categorical data from stats

Data types in R

company_name <- "Google"  # character data
company_name

## [1] "Google"

company_name <- 'Google' # also character data
company_name

## [1] "Google"

tech_firm <- TRUE  # boolean data
tech_firm

## [1] TRUE

earnings <- 12662  # numeric data (in millions)
earnings

## [1] 12662

Practice: Data types

• This practice is to make sure you understand data types
• Do Exercise 1 on today’s R practice file:
  • R Practice
  • Shortlink: rmc.link/420r2

Scaling up…

• We already have some data entered, but it’s only a small amount
• We need to scale this up…
  • Vectors using c()!
  • Matrices using matrix()!
  • Lists using list()!
  • Data frames using data.frame()!

Each of these is covered in the coming slides

Vectors: What are they?

• Remember back to linear algebra…

Examples:

$\displaystyle { \begin{matrix} \left(\begin{matrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \\ 4 \end{matrix}\right) & \text{or} & \left(\begin{matrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \end{matrix}\right) \end{matrix} }$

A row (or column) of data

Vector creation

• Vectors are entered using the c() command
• Any data type is fine, but all elements must be the same type

company <- c("Google", "Microsoft", "Goldman")
company

## [1] "Google"    "Microsoft" "Goldman"

tech_firm <- c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)
tech_firm

## [1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE

earnings <- c(12662, 21204, 4286)
earnings

## [1] 12662 21204  4286

A vector in R is a 1 dimensional collection of 1 or more of the same data type

Special cases for vectors

1:5

## [1] 1 2 3 4 5

seq(from=0, to=100, by=5)

##  [1]   0   5  10  15  20  25  30  35  40  45  50  55  60  65  70  75  80
## [18]  85  90  95 100

rep(1,times=10)

##  [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

rep("hi",times=5)

## [1] "hi" "hi" "hi" "hi" "hi"

Vector math

Works the same as scalars, but applies element-wise

• First element with first element,
• Second element with second element,
• …

earnings  # previously defined

## [1] 12662 21204  4286

earnings + earnings  # Add element-wise

## [1] 25324 42408  8572

earnings * earnings  # multiply element-wise

## [1] 160326244 449609616  18369796

Vector math

Can also use 1 vector and 1 scalar

• Scalar is applied to all vector elements

earnings + 10000  # Adding a scalar to a vector

## [1] 22662 31204 14286

10000 + earnings  # Order doesn't matter

## [1] 22662 31204 14286

earnings / 1000  # Dividing a vector by a scalar

## [1] 12.662 21.204  4.286

Vector math

• From linear algebra, you might remember multiplication being a bit different, as a dot product. That can be done with %*%

# Dot product: sum of product of elements
earnings %*% earnings  # returns a matrix though...

##           [,1]
## [1,] 628305656

drop(earnings %*% earnings)  # Drop drops excess dimensions

## [1] 628305656

• Other useful functions, length() and sum():

length(earnings)  # returns the number of elements

## [1] 3

sum(earnings)  # returns the sum of all elements

## [1] 38152

Naming vectors

earnings

## [1] 12662 21204  4286

names(earnings) <- c("Google",
                     "Microsoft",
                     "Goldman")
earnings

##    Google Microsoft   Goldman 
##     12662     21204      4286

# Equivalently:
names(earnings) <- company
earnings

##    Google Microsoft   Goldman 
##     12662     21204      4286

Selecting and combining vectors

earnings[1]

## Google 
##  12662

earnings["Google"]

## Google 
##  12662

# Each of the above 3 is equivalent
earnings[1:2]

##    Google Microsoft 
##     12662     21204

c1 <- c(1,2,3)
c2 <- c(4,5,6)
c3 <- c(c1,c2)
c3

## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6

Vector example: Profit margin for tech firms

# Calculating proit margin for all public US tech firms
# 715 tech firms with >1M sales in 2017
summary(earnings_2017)  # Cleaned data from Compustat, in $M USD

##     Min.  1st Qu.   Median     Mean  3rd Qu.     Max. 
## -4307.49   -15.98     1.84   296.84    91.36 48351.00

summary(revenue_2017)  # Cleaned data from Compustat, in $M USD

##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median      Mean   3rd Qu.      Max. 
##      1.06    102.62    397.57   3023.78   1531.59 229234.00

profit_margin <- earnings_2017 / revenue_2017
summary(profit_margin)

##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median      Mean   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -13.97960  -0.10253   0.01353  -0.10967   0.09295   1.02655

# These are the worst, midpoint, and best profit margin firms in 2017. Our names carried over :)
profit_margin[order(profit_margin)][c(1,length(profit_margin)/2,length(profit_margin))]

## HELIOS AND MATHESON ANALYTIC                   NLIGHT INC 
##                 -13.97960161                   0.01325588 
##            CCUR HOLDINGS INC 
##                   1.02654899

Practice: Vectors

• This practice explores the ROA of Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan, and Citigroup in 2017
• Do Exercise 2 on today’s R practice file:
  • R Practice
  • Shortlink: rmc.link/420r2

Matrices: What are they?

• Remember back to linear algebra…

Example:

$\displaystyle { \left(\begin{matrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4\\ 5 & 6 & 7 & 8\\ 9 & 10 & 11 & 12 \end{matrix}\right) }$

A rows and columns of data

Matrix creation

• Matrices are entered using the matrix() command
• Any data type is fine, but all elements must be the same type

columns <- c("Google", "Microsoft", "Goldman")
rows <- c("Earnings","Revenue")

# equivalent: matrix(data=c(12662, 21204, 4286, 110855, 89950, 42254),ncol=3)
firm_data <- matrix(data=c(12662, 21204, 4286, 110855, 89950, 42254),nrow=2)
firm_data

##       [,1]   [,2]  [,3]
## [1,] 12662   4286 89950
## [2,] 21204 110855 42254

Math with matrices

Everything with matrices works just like vectors

firm_data + firm_data

##       [,1]   [,2]   [,3]
## [1,] 25324   8572 179900
## [2,] 42408 221710  84508

firm_data / 1000

##        [,1]    [,2]   [,3]
## [1,] 12.662   4.286 89.950
## [2,] 21.204 110.855 42.254

Matrix math with matrices

• Matrix transposing, $A^T$, uses t()

firm_data_T <- t(firm_data)
firm_data_T

##       [,1]   [,2]
## [1,] 12662  21204
## [2,]  4286 110855
## [3,] 89950  42254

• Matrix multiplication, $A~B$, uses %*%

firm_data %*% firm_data_T

##            [,1]        [,2]
## [1,] 8269698540  4544356878
## [2,] 4544356878 14523841157

We won’t use these much, but they can be useful

Matrix naming

• We can name matrix rows and columns, much like we named vector elements
• Use rownames() for rows
• Use colnames() for columns

rownames(firm_data) <- rows
colnames(firm_data) <- columns
firm_data

##          Google Microsoft Goldman
## Earnings  12662      4286   89950
## Revenue   21204    110855   42254

Selecting from matrices

• Select using 2 indexes instead of 1:
  • matrix_name[rows,columns]
  • To select all rows or columns, leave that index blanks

firm_data[2,3]

## [1] 42254

firm_data[,c("Google","Microsoft")]

##          Google Microsoft
## Earnings  12662      4286
## Revenue   21204    110855

firm_data[1,]

##    Google Microsoft   Goldman 
##     12662      4286     89950

Combining matrices

• Matrices are combined top to bottom as rows with rbind()
• Matrices are combined side-by-side as columns with cbind()

# Preloaded: industry codes as indcode (vector)
#     - GICS codes: 40=Financials, 45=Information Technology
#     - See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Industry_Classification_Standard
# Preloaded: JPMorgan data as jpdata (vector)

mat <- rbind(firm_data,indcode)  # Add a row
rownames(mat)[3] <- "Industry"  # Name the new row
mat

##          Google Microsoft Goldman
## Earnings  12662      4286   89950
## Revenue   21204    110855   42254
## Industry     45        45      40

mat <- cbind(firm_data,jpdata)  # Add a column
colnames(mat)[4] <- "JPMorgan"  # Name the new column
mat

##          Google Microsoft Goldman JPMorgan
## Earnings  12662      4286   89950    17370
## Revenue   21204    110855   42254   115475

Lists: What are they?

• Like vectors, but with mixed types
• Generally not something we will create
• Often returned by analysis functions in R
  • Such as the linear models we will look at next week

# Ignore this code for now...
model <- summary(lm(earnings ~ revenue, data=tech_df))
#Note that this function is hiding something...
model

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = earnings ~ revenue, data = tech_df)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -16045.0     20.0    141.6    177.1  12104.6 
## 
## Coefficients:
##               Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) -1.837e+02  4.491e+01  -4.091 4.79e-05 ***
## revenue      1.589e-01  3.564e-03  44.585  < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1166 on 713 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.736,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.7356 
## F-statistic:  1988 on 1 and 713 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

Looking into lists

• Lists generally use double square brackets, [[index]]
  • Used for pulling individual elements out of a list
• [[c()]] will drill through lists, as opposed to pulling multiple values
• Single square brackets pull out elements as is
• Double square brackets extract just the element
• For 1 level, we can also use $

model["r.squared"]

## $r.squared
## [1] 0.7360059

model[["r.squared"]]

## [1] 0.7360059

model$r.squared

## [1] 0.7360059

earnings["Google"]

## Google 
##  12662

earnings[["Google"]]

## [1] 12662

#Can't use $ with vectors

Structure of a list

• str() will tell us what’s in this list

str(model)

## List of 11
##  $ call         : language lm(formula = earnings ~ revenue, data = tech_df)
##  $ terms        :Classes 'terms', 'formula'  language earnings ~ revenue
##   .. ..- attr(*, "variables")= language list(earnings, revenue)
##   .. ..- attr(*, "factors")= int [1:2, 1] 0 1
##   .. .. ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
##   .. .. .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "earnings" "revenue"
##   .. .. .. ..$ : chr "revenue"
##   .. ..- attr(*, "term.labels")= chr "revenue"
##   .. ..- attr(*, "order")= int 1
##   .. ..- attr(*, "intercept")= int 1
##   .. ..- attr(*, "response")= int 1
##   .. ..- attr(*, ".Environment")=<environment: R_GlobalEnv> 
##   .. ..- attr(*, "predvars")= language list(earnings, revenue)
##   .. ..- attr(*, "dataClasses")= Named chr [1:2] "numeric" "numeric"
##   .. .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "earnings" "revenue"
##  $ residuals    : Named num [1:715] -59.7 173.8 -620.2 586.7 613.6 ...
##   ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:715] "40" "103" "127" "135" ...
##  $ coefficients : num [1:2, 1:4] -1.84e+02 1.59e-01 4.49e+01 3.56e-03 -4.09 ...
##   ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
##   .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "(Intercept)" "revenue"
##   .. ..$ : chr [1:4] "Estimate" "Std. Error" "t value" "Pr(>|t|)"
##  $ aliased      : Named logi [1:2] FALSE FALSE
##   ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "(Intercept)" "revenue"
##  $ sigma        : num 1166
##  $ df           : int [1:3] 2 713 2
##  $ r.squared    : num 0.736
##  $ adj.r.squared: num 0.736
##  $ fstatistic   : Named num [1:3] 1988 1 713
##   ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:3] "value" "numdf" "dendf"
##  $ cov.unscaled : num [1:2, 1:2] 1.48e-03 -2.83e-08 -2.83e-08 9.35e-12
##   ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
##   .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "(Intercept)" "revenue"
##   .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "(Intercept)" "revenue"
##  - attr(*, "class")= chr "summary.lm"

Practice: Lists

• In this practice, we will explore lists and how to parse them
• Do Exercise 3 on today’s R practice file:
  • R Practice
  • Shortlink: rmc.link/420r2

What are data frames?

• Data frames are like a hybrid between lists and matrices

Think of columns as variables, rows as observations

Example of a data frame

library(DT)  # This library is great for including larger collections of data in output
datatable(tech_df[1:20,c("conm","tic","margin")], rownames=FALSE)

How to create data frames

1. On import of data, usually you will get a data frame
2. Using the data.frame() function

df <- data.frame(companyName=company,
                 earnings=earnings,
                 tech_firm=tech_firm,
                 stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
df

##           companyName earnings tech_firm
## Google         Google    12662      TRUE
## Microsoft   Microsoft    21204      TRUE
## Goldman       Goldman     4286     FALSE

Caution: stringsAsFactors=FALSE is needed for R to retain string data!

Selecting from data frames

• Access like a matrix

df[,1]

## [1] "Google"    "Microsoft" "Goldman"

• Access like a list

df$companyName

## [1] "Google"    "Microsoft" "Goldman"

df[[1]]

## [1] "Google"    "Microsoft" "Goldman"

All are relatively equivalent. Using $ is generally most natural. Using [,] is good for complex references.

Making new columns in a data frame

Suggested method: use $

df$all_zero <- 0
df$revenue <- c(110855, 89950, 42254)
df$margin <- df$earnings / df$revenue
# Custom function for small tables -- see last slide for code
html_df(df)

Alternative method: use cbind() just like with matrices

Sorting data frames

• To sort a vector, we could use the sort()

sort(df$earnings)

## [1]  4286 12662 21204

THIS CAN’T SORT DATA FRAMES

• A column of a data frame is fine, but it can’t sort the whole thing!

Sorting data frames

• To sort a data frame, we use the order() function
  • It returns the order of each element in increasing value
    • 1 is the lowest value
  • Then we pass the new order like we are selecting elements

ordering <- order(df$earnings)
ordering

## [1] 3 1 2

df <- df[ordering,]
df

##           companyName earnings tech_firm all_zero revenue    margin
## Goldman       Goldman     4286     FALSE        0   42254 0.1014342
## Google         Google    12662      TRUE        0  110855 0.1142213
## Microsoft   Microsoft    21204      TRUE        0   89950 0.2357310

Sorting data frames

• Order can sort by multiple levels
  • order(level1,level2,...), where level_ are vectors or data frame columns

# Example of multicolumn sorting:
example <- data.frame(firm=c("Google","Microsoft","Google","Microsoft"),
                      year=c(2017,2017,2016,2016))
example

##        firm year
## 1    Google 2017
## 2 Microsoft 2017
## 3    Google 2016
## 4 Microsoft 2016

# with() allows us to avoiding prepending each column with "example$"
ordering <- order(example$firm, example$year)
example <- example[ordering,]
example

##        firm year
## 3    Google 2016
## 1    Google 2017
## 4 Microsoft 2016
## 2 Microsoft 2017

Subsetting data frames

1. We can use the selecting methods from before
2. We can pass a vector of logical values telling R what to keep
   • This is pretty useful!

df[df$tech_firm,]  # Remember the comma!

##           companyName earnings tech_firm all_zero revenue    margin
## Google         Google    12662      TRUE        0  110855 0.1142213
## Microsoft   Microsoft    21204      TRUE        0   89950 0.2357310

3. We can use the subset() function
   • I don’t recommend this function, as it does not always work
     • There are times where it is useful though

subset(df,earnings < 20000)

##         companyName earnings tech_firm all_zero revenue    margin
## Goldman     Goldman     4286     FALSE        0   42254 0.1014342
## Google       Google    12662      TRUE        0  110855 0.1142213

Practice: Data frames

• This exercise explores the nature of banks’ deposits
  • We will see which of Goldman, JPMorgan, and Citigroup have (since 2010):
    • The least of their assets in deposits
    • The most of their assets in deposits
• Do Exercise 4 on today’s R practice file:
  • R Practice
  • Shortlink: rmc.link/420r2

Why use logical expressions?

• We just saw an example in our subsetting function
  • earnings < 20000
• Logical expressions give us more control over the data
• They let us easily create logical vectors for subsetting data

df$earnings

## [1]  4286 12662 21204

df$earnings < 20000

## [1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE

Logical operators

== != > < >= <= ! | &

• Comparing strings is done character by character
  • Be very careful with it

Logical operators

== != > < >= <= ! | &

Logical operators

• Not: !
  • This simply inverts everything
  • !TRUE $\rightarrow$ FALSE
  • !FALSE $\rightarrow$ TRUE
• And: &
  • TRUE & TRUE $\rightarrow$ TRUE
  • TRUE & FALSE $\rightarrow$ FALSE
  • FALSE & FALSE $\rightarrow$ FALSE
• Or: | (pipe, same key as ‘\’)
  • Note that | is evaluated after all &s
  • TRUE | TRUE $\rightarrow$ TRUE
  • TRUE | FALSE $\rightarrow$ TRUE
  • FALSE | FALSE $\rightarrow$ FALSE
• You can mix in parentheses for grouping as needed

Examples for logical operators

• How many tech firms had >$10B in revenue in 2017?

sum(tech_df$revenue > 10000)

## [1] 46

• How many tech firms had >$10B in revenue but had negative earnings in 2017?

sum(tech_df$revenue > 10000 & tech_df$earnings < 0)

## [1] 4

• Who are those 4 with high revenue and negative earnings?

columns <- c("conm","tic","earnings","revenue")
tech_df[tech_df$revenue > 10000 & tech_df$earnings < 0, columns]

##                               conm   tic  earnings  revenue
## 2100                   CORNING INC   GLW  -497.000 10116.00
## 2874  TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICS  ERIC -4307.493 24629.64
## 11804        DELL TECHNOLOGIES INC 7732B -3728.000 78660.00
## 23377                   NOKIA CORP   NOK -1796.087 27917.49

Other special values

• We know TRUE and FALSE already
  • Note that FALSE can be represented as 0
  • Note that TRUE can be represented as any non-zero number
• There are also:
  • Inf: Infinity, often caused by dividing something by 0
  • NaN: “Not a number,” likely that the expression 0/0 occurred
  • NA: A missing value, usually not due to a mathematical error
  • Null: Indicates a variable has nothing in it
• We can check for these with:
  • is.inf()
  • is.nan()
  • is.na()
  • is.null()

Practice: Subsetting our data frame

• This practice focuses on subsetting out potentially interesting parts of our data frame
  • We will also see which of Goldman, JPMorgan, and Citigroup, in which year, had the lowest earnings since 2010
• Do Exercise 5 on today’s R practice file:
  • R Practice
  • Shortlink: rmc.link/420r2

Other uses

• Conditional statements (used for programming)

# cond1, cond2, etc. can be any logical expression
if(cond1) {
  # Code runs if cond1 is TRUE
} else if (cond2) { # Can repeat 'else if' as needed
  # Code runs if this is the first condition that is TRUE
} else {
  # Code runs if none of the above conditions TRUE
}

• Vectorized conditional statements using ifelse()
  • If else takes 3 vectors and returns 1 vector
    • A vector of TRUE or FALSE
    • A vector of elements to return from when TRUE
    • A vector of elements to return from when FALSE

# Outputs odd for odd numbers and even for even numbers
even <- rep("even",5)
odd <- rep("odd",5)
numbers <- 1:5
ifelse(numbers %% 2, odd, even)

## [1] "odd"  "even" "odd"  "even" "odd"

Help functions

• There are two equivalent ways to quickly access help files:
  • ? and help()
  • Usage to get the help file for data.frame():
    • ?data.frame
    • help(data.frame)
• To see the options for a function, use args()

args(data.frame)

## function (..., row.names = NULL, check.rows = FALSE, check.names = TRUE, 
##     fix.empty.names = TRUE, stringsAsFactors = default.stringsAsFactors()) 
## NULL

A note on using functions

args(data.frame)

## function (..., row.names = NULL, check.rows = FALSE, check.names = TRUE, 
##     fix.empty.names = TRUE, stringsAsFactors = default.stringsAsFactors()) 
## NULL

• The ... represents a series of inputs
  • In this case, inputs like name=data, where name is the column name and data is a vector
• The ____ = ____ arguments are options for the function
  • The default is prespecified, but you can overwrite it
    • Recall: stringsAsFactors = FALSE from earlier
• Options can be very useful or save us a lot of time!
• You can always find them by:
  • Using the ? command
  • Checking other documentation like www.rdocumentation.org
  • Using the args() function

Installing more functions

• R Provides an easy way to install packages without ever leaving R
  • The install.packages() command
  • Can install a single package or a vector of packages

# To install the tidyverse package:
install.packages("tidyverse")

# TO install ggplot2, dplyr, and magrittr packages:
install.packages(c("ggplot2", "dplyr", "magrittr"))

• Load packages using library()
  • Need to do this each time you open a new instance of R

# Load the tidyverse package
library(tidyverse)

Pipe notation

Pipe notation is never necessary and not built in to R

• Pipe notation is provided by the magrittr package
  • Part of tidyverse, an extremely popular collection of packages
• Pipe notation is done using %>%
  • Left %>% Right(arg2, ...) is the same as Right(Left, arg2, ...)

Piping can drastically improve code readability

Piping example

Plot tech firms’ earnings vs revenue, >$10B in revenue

library(tidyverse)
library(plotly)

plot <- tech_df %>%
  subset(revenue > 10000) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x=revenue,y=earnings)) + # ggplot comes from ggplot2, part of tidyverse
  geom_point(shape=1, aes(text=sprintf("Ticker: %s", tic)))  # Adds point, and ticker
ggplotly(plot)  # Makes the plot interactive

Piping example: Without piping

library(tidyverse)
library(plotly)

plot <- ggplot(subset(tech_df, revenue > 10000), aes(x=revenue,y=earnings)) +
  geom_point(shape=1, aes(text=sprintf("Ticker: %s", tic)))
ggplotly(plot)  # Makes the plot interactive

Practice: External library usage

• This practice focuses on using an external library
  • We will also see which of Goldman, JPMorgan, and Citigroup, in which year, had the lowest earnings since 2010
• Do Exercise 6 on today’s R practice file:
  • R Practice
  • Shortlink: rmc.link/420r2

Note: The ~ indicates a formula the left side is the y-axis and the right side is the x-axis

Note: The | tells lattice to make panels based on the variable(s) to the right

Math functions

• sum(): Sum of a vector
• abs(): Absolute value
• sign(): The sign of a number

vector = c(-2,-1,0,1,2)
sum(vector)

## [1] 0

abs(vector)

## [1] 2 1 0 1 2

sign(vector)

## [1] -1 -1  0  1  1

Stats functions

• mean(): Calculates the mean of a vector
• median(): Calculates the median of a vector
• sd(): Calculates the sample standard deviation of a vector
• quantile(): Provides the quartiles of a vector
• range(): Gives the minimum and maximum of a vector
  • Related: min() and max()

quantile(tech_df$earnings)

##         0%        25%        50%        75%       100% 
## -4307.4930   -15.9765     1.8370    91.3550 48351.0000

range(tech_df$earnings)

## [1] -4307.493 48351.000

Make your own functions!

• Use the function() function!
  • my_func <- function(agruments) {code}

Simple function: Add 2 to a number

add_two <- function(n) {
  n + 2
}

add_two(500)

## [1] 502

Slightly more complex function example

mult_together <- function(n1, n2=0, square=FALSE) {
  if (!square) {
    n1 * n2
  } else {
    n1 * n1
  }
}

mult_together(5,6)

## [1] 30

mult_together(5,6,square=TRUE)

## [1] 25

mult_together(5,square=TRUE)

## [1] 25

Practice: Functions

• This practice focuses on making a custom function
  • Currency conversion between USD and SGD!
    • A web-based example is in the end notes
• Do Exercises 7 on today’s R practice file:
  • R Practice
  • Shortlink: rmc.link/420r2

Data Sources

• WRDS
  • WRDS is a provider of business data for academic purposes
  • Through your class account, you can access vast amounts of data
  • We will be particularly interested in:
    • Compustat (accounting statement data since 1950)
    • CRSP (stock price data, daily since 1926)
• We will use other public data from time to time
  • Singapore’s big data repository
  • US Government data
  • Other public data collected by the Prof

How to download from WRDS

1. Log in using a class account (posted on eLearn)
2. Pick the data provider that has your needed data
3. Select the data set you would like (some data sets only)
4. Apply any needed conditional restrictions (years, etc.)
   • These can help keep data sizes manageable
     • CRSP without any restrictions is >10 GB
5. Select the specific variables you would like export
6. Export as a csv file, zipped csv file (or other format)

Go to WRDS and sign in

Pick a data provider, e.g. “Compustat - Capital IQ”

Pick a data set, e.g. “North America - Daily”

Pick a data set, e.g. “Fundamentals Annual”

Selecting data: Time range

Selecting data: Companies and data format

Selecting data fields

Select output formats

Wait for the data to be prepared

Download the data!

For next week

• For next week:
  • Work on the intermediate Datacamp tutorials
    • Pick 1 of the two assigned tutorials
      • No need to do both!
    • These have videos as well
    • Last week having so many tutorial!
• Next week we will start the second module: Forecasting

Packages used for these slides

• DT
• kableExtra
• knitr
• plotly
• quantmod
• revealjs
• RColorBrewer
• tidyverse
• waffle

Custom functions

# Custom code for small tables from dataframes
library(knitr)
library(kableExtra)
html_df <- function(text, cols=NULL, col1=FALSE, full=F) {
  if(!length(cols)) {
    cols=colnames(text)
  }
  if(!col1) {
    kable(text, "html", col.names=cols, align=c("l", rep('c',length(cols)-1))) %>%
      kable_styling(bootstrap_options=c("striped","hover","responsive"), full_width=full)
  } else {
    kable(text, "html", col.names=cols, align=c("l", rep('c',length(cols)-1))) %>%
      kable_styling(bootstrap_options=c("striped", "hover","responsive"), full_width=full) %>%
      column_spec(1,bold=T)
  }
}

# Custom code for pulling 1 day of ForEx data from OANDA
FXRate <- function(from="USD", to="SGD", dt=Sys.Date()) {
  options("getSymbols.warning4.0"=FALSE)
  require(quantmod)
  obj.names <- getSymbols(paste0(from, "/", to), from=dt-1, to=dt, src="oanda")
  result <- numeric(length(obj.names))
  names(result) <- obj.names
  result[obj.names[1]] <- as.numeric(get(obj.names[1]))[1]
  return(result)
}

# Custom code for making a waffle chart
library(waffle)
library(RColorBrewer)
categories <- table(character_vector)  # character vector should be character vector with duplicates included
waffle(categories, rows=5,
       colors=RColorBrewer::brewer.pal(9,"Pastel1"), #color palette
       title="______________________",
       xlab="1 square is ___________")